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DETAILS OF THE FAT TISSUE STRUCTURE

The fibres are arranged in sheaves distributed more predominantly perpendicular to the skin in women and more in a mesh formation in men. This mesh of fibrous septa gives it resistance to traction. In this tissue, the sheaves form a three-dimensional weave that gives it certain resistance to traction in any direction. The deep vascular nexus and the deep portions of some extended hair follicles are also in the hypodermis, as well as the acini of the eccrine and apocrine glands, Vater-Paccini sensorial corpuscles (pressure changes) and Ruffini endings (thermal changes, mainly heat). The fat lobes are divided by fibrous septa which contain vessels and nerves. The fibrous connections between skin and the deepest structures are mechanically important.

Pérez Rivera

The local features, as far as the conformation of the fat tissue, its anatomy, histology and physiology of the adipose tissue are variable in relation to the different body parts.

Anatomically, two layers are distinguished in the subcutaneous cell tissue:

• Areolar or superficial fat, which accumulates in vertical parcel lobules. This layer is in most of the body in the shape of a uniform blanket. It is slightly thicker on the hips, thighs, abdomen and buttocks. On some body parts, there is only a thick layer (legs). It is an easily mobilised type of fat.
• Steatomeric or deep reserve fat is profound and increases according to the patterns of sexual differentiation during puberty. This fat has a more difficult mobilisation

And these layers have different features according to the anatomical location.

Pérez Rivera

Areolar and deep reserve fat are separated by a superficial fascia known as retinaculum skin. There are vertical prolongations protruding from this fine fascia that anchor it to the dermis. This structure is mainly responsible for the appearance of the cellulite dimples.

• Between the retinaculum skin and the dermis are capillary, nerve and lymphatic arches.
• The retinaculum skin generates a series of small cells of fibrous connective tissue that compartmentalises the areolar fat tissue on a superficial level, these small cells are filled with fat lobules. These partitions are inserted in the superficial lamina and on the subdermal chorion level. The increased volume of the adipocytes generates a mechanical increase in the traction of the partitions or trabeculae, intermittently alternating areas of traction and retraction of the anchored regions which created orange-peel skin. The increased fat content on the superficial fat manifests as orange-peel skin visible in feminine locations such as thighs, buttocks, sides and arms. The presence of large and deep skin depressions is due to the sclerosis of some of the anchors of the retinaculum skin’s vertical tracts to the deep fascia of the dermis. (Pérez Rivera)¹²
• On the supra-umbilical abdominal region, the areolar fat layer is thick and more fibrous. On the sub-umbilical region, the areolar fat is less fibrous and thinner. On a sub-umbilical level, the fat tissue is divided into three planes: the areolar, contained between the dermis and the retinaculum skin, the contained steatomeric between the Camper fascia and the Scarpa fascia and the deep steatomeric that is between the Scarpa fascia and the muscular fascia.
• On the subcutaneous cell tissue of the flanks, there are different fibrous bands which superficially adhere to the skin.
• On the hips, there is a well-defined fat compartment, in two planes, the areolar fat is white and the steatomeric fat is dark yellow-orange. On the buttocks, the Jacque ligaments in the deep fat region hold the buttock fat tissue.
• • The thighs have two fat layers, areolar and steatomeric, although the legs only have steatomeric fat. (Dr.Carvajal Gómez)¹³.

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